What are the functional vectors commonly used in VLP vaccines?

The functional vectors include viral structural proteins, such as HBV surface antigen, HPV L1, and bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, which self-assemble into VLPs.

How is the loading ratio of antigens on VLP vaccines determined?

The loading ratio is determined by quantifying the molar ratio of conjugated or genetically fused antigens to VLP monomers using SDS-PAGE, HPLC, or mass spectrometry.

What methods are used to determine virus titer for VLP vaccines?

Virus titer is determined by hemagglutination assay, quantitative PCR, or ELISA quantifying the VLP-specific protein concentration, often expressed as TCID50 or particle number per mL.

How are purity and stability of VLP vaccines tracked over time?

Purity is assessed by SDS-PAGE, SEC-HPLC, and dynamic light scattering for aggregate detection; stability is tracked by monitoring size, zeta potential, and antigenicity at different time points under storage conditions.

What formulation parameters influence the stability of VLP vaccines?

Key parameters include pH, ionic strength, excipients (e.g., sucrose or polysorbate), storage temperature, and the presence of adjuvants, which affect particle integrity and immunogenicity.

VLP vaccine

Enumerate functional vectors and loading ratio
Determine virus titer, purity and stabllity tracking